I．獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)形式
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上由兩部分組成。第一部分由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任，但在四級(jí)考試中以分詞擔(dān)任第二部分的居多，有時(shí)也會(huì)由不定式擔(dān)任。
1）名詞或主格代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞
例1，______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor．
A）Other things being equal B）Were other things equal C）To be equalto other things D）Other things to be equal
（答案A Band 4，1997．6）
例2 So many directors ______，the board meeting had to be put off．
A）were absent B）been absent C）had been absent D）being absent
（答案D Band 4，2001．1）
當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格中的分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作時(shí)，用分詞的完成形式。
例3 The speech______，a lively discussion started． A）being delivered B）was delivered C）be deliveredD）having been delivered
（答案D Band 4，1995．1）
當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或主格代詞是分詞表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用分詞的被動(dòng)形式。
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train． A）were canceled B）having been canceled C）had been canceled D）have been canceled
（答案BBand 4，1999．1）
2）名詞或主格代詞＋過(guò)去分詞
例5 All things_____，the planed trip will have to be called off．
A）be consideredB）considered C）consideringD）having considered
（答案BBand 4，1998．6）
3）名詞或主格代詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed，the construction company will be fined．
A）to be complete B）is completed C）being completedD）complete
（答案A Band 4，2001．6）
形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語(yǔ)擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)诙糠值那闆r在四級(jí)考試中雖不多見(jiàn)，但在書面語(yǔ)中卻是一種有效的表達(dá)手段，在此略舉幾例，供有興趣的同學(xué)參考。
4）名詞或主格代詞＋形容詞
例7 Hands red with the cold，they were sweeping the snow outdoors．（他們?cè)趹敉鈷哐瑑墒謨龅猛t。）
5）名詞或主格代詞＋介詞短語(yǔ)
例8 A book in hand，the teacher of English walked into the classroom．（手里拿著本書，英語(yǔ)老師走進(jìn)教室。）
6）名詞或主格代詞＋副詞
例9 Class over，all students went to play on the playground．（下課了，學(xué)生們都到操場(chǎng)上去玩耍。）
7）名詞或主格代詞＋名詞
例10 His first shot failure，he fired again．（他第一槍沒(méi)擊中，又打了第二槍。
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