(3)解題技巧
一篇文章，一個(gè)主題，內(nèi)容上完整統(tǒng)一，所有的細(xì)節(jié)都是圍繞主題展開(kāi)，為主題服務(wù)。聽(tīng)力理解所要求的是對(duì)文章的整體把握，細(xì)節(jié)也應(yīng)該是用于說(shuō)明主題的主要細(xì)節(jié)。也就是說(shuō)，每篇短文的幾個(gè)題是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，相互說(shuō)明的。選擇細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意：
① 注意抓主要細(xì)節(jié)；
② 注意信息的直接辨認(rèn)，從聽(tīng)力文章中找到信息句；
③ 注意各題之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，保證相互說(shuō)明，不能相互矛盾。
3．復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)
試題分布
復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)共有短文一篇，設(shè)10個(gè)小題。1-7題要求用原詞填寫(xiě)，8-10只是補(bǔ)全信息，不必用原詞。
題眼設(shè)計(jì)
1)1- 7題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律
① 所填單詞以實(shí)詞為主。97，98兩年的復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)中只有一個(gè)是介詞，其他13個(gè)全是名詞、形容詞或副詞。
② 7個(gè)單詞以評(píng)價(jià)性詞匯為主，也就是說(shuō)可以從上下文找到說(shuō)明的信息。如97年6月的復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)：
In police work, you can never predict the next crime or problem. No working day is identical to any other, so there is no （1）"______" day for a police officer.
既然沒(méi)有一天是相同的，也就沒(méi)有哪一天是"典型的"。根據(jù)這種因果說(shuō)明可以判斷所填單詞為typical。而沒(méi)有一天完全相同，也正說(shuō)明了警察的工作富于變化，由此也可以判斷下面的第5個(gè)空填variety( I think I can (describe) police word in one word:（5） _______.)。
③ 表示信息復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞匯為題眼
有些詞語(yǔ)即使聽(tīng)不清楚同樣可以填出。如98年1月的復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)。
文章的第一段介紹了Michael如何5歲上高中，10歲上大學(xué)，11歲攻讀碩士學(xué)位。第二段開(kāi)始一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，介紹他的這種"成功"也來(lái)之不易。 所填單詞為上義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，對(duì)上文的總結(jié)，自然應(yīng)該是success。(But Michael's _____ hasn't always come easy.
④ 表示信息同現(xiàn)的詞匯為題眼
復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)所天詞匯一部分是同現(xiàn)詞匯，如97年考題：
One day, for example, I was working undercover; that is, I was on the job, but I was wearing （6）____ clothes, not my police （7）______.
通常情況下警察所穿的應(yīng)該是"制服"，即uniform，這樣，uniform, wear就構(gòu)成的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系。根據(jù)（6）（7）的對(duì)照同現(xiàn)關(guān)系，可以判斷（6）所表示的應(yīng)該是"便裝"，這也正式對(duì)上文working undercover的解釋。
⑤ 對(duì)文章敘述邏輯的考查
敘述邏輯即上下文的因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、解釋等關(guān)系。如果同學(xué)們能看出這些關(guān)系，則不用聽(tīng)就可以將所缺單詞填上。如98年考題。
But Michael's (success) hasn't always come easy. (5)______ his intelligence, he still lacks important life (6)_______. In one class, he had to struggle to understand (7)______ novels, because, he says, "I'm 11. I've never been in love before."
由上下文個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系可以判斷（5）應(yīng)該填Despite，即雖然他很聰慧，但卻缺乏很重要的生活……。后面在課上所發(fā)生的事情是說(shuō)明他缺乏（……）的一個(gè)例證。例證本身不僅說(shuō)明了（6）應(yīng)該填experiences，同時(shí)也說(shuō)明（7）應(yīng)該填love。
2）8-10題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律
8-10基本上是三句話，從句子內(nèi)容來(lái)看，大體有兩種情況。
① 用于說(shuō)明主題的細(xì)節(jié)
這部分聽(tīng)寫(xiě)一般是段落的主題已經(jīng)給出，要求同學(xué)們補(bǔ)全支撐細(xì)節(jié)。如98年考題：
Another challenge was his size. (8) _____________________________.
緊接著的一句顯然是用來(lái)說(shuō)明Another challenge was his size.的，原句是high school physical education was difficult, because all of the equipment was too big for the then five-year-old student.
97年的8-10題也是如此，所描述的是用來(lái)說(shuō)明警察工作危險(xiǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)看原文：
Sometimes, it's dangerous. One day, for example, I was working undercover,….. I was trying to catch some robbers who were stealing money from people as they walked down the street. Suddenly, (8) ____. Another policeman arrived, and together, we arrested three of the men; but the other four ran away. Another day, I helped a woman who was going to have a baby. (9) ______. I put her in my police car to get her there faster. I thought she was going to have the baby right there in my car. But fortunately, (10) ____________.
② 概括性的結(jié)論或主題
95年以來(lái)，復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)只考過(guò)兩次，其中98年的第十句為結(jié)論句（Michael is smart, but he is like every other kid. ）是最全文的一個(gè)概括。主題句還沒(méi)有考過(guò)，但主題與結(jié)論做為文章的重點(diǎn)之筆應(yīng)該是聽(tīng)力理解的重點(diǎn)，也應(yīng)該是復(fù)合式聽(tīng)力所應(yīng)包含的東西。
解題技巧:
根據(jù)上面所談的復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的特點(diǎn)，我建議在做復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)時(shí)最好做到一下幾點(diǎn)：
① 注意話題知識(shí)的運(yùn)用。
文章的話題規(guī)定了用詞范圍，根據(jù)話題判斷單詞有注意明確詞匯。
② 利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。
③ 根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)詞匯的運(yùn)用。
④ 在做8-10題時(shí)在不能將原句完全記下的情況下,將關(guān)鍵詞記下來(lái),然后根 據(jù)關(guān)系詞，結(jié)合文章敘述的邏輯，重新編寫(xiě)句子。
三、四六級(jí)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的解題技巧
1．對(duì)話
根據(jù)對(duì)話聽(tīng)力的設(shè)題特點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為在解答對(duì)話聽(tīng)力理解題時(shí)同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1）提前閱讀選項(xiàng)，判斷問(wèn)題所屬，從而集中精力于有關(guān)信息。
2）注意根據(jù)信息詞匯判斷地點(diǎn)和說(shuō)話人的身份職業(yè)等。
當(dāng)同學(xué)們看到四個(gè)地點(diǎn)和職業(yè)名詞時(shí)，大腦中就應(yīng)該馬上出現(xiàn)與這些地點(diǎn)或職業(yè)相關(guān)的一系列詞語(yǔ)，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中注意提到了什么信息詞語(yǔ)，這樣就可輕松地判斷談話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，說(shuō)話人的職業(yè)或身份，以及談話雙方的關(guān)系。
為此，同學(xué)們有必要了解與各種職業(yè)和地點(diǎn)行業(yè)有關(guān)的信息詞匯，如：
飯店:menu, order, waitress, waiter, take order, go Dutch, It's my treat等；
旅館:check in/out, make a reservation, register, reception desk等；
醫(yī)院:physician,doctor,nurse,operation-room, emergency room, visiting
hours, prescribe, pill等；
銀行：open an account, withdraw, deposit, saving, cash a check等；
飛機(jī)/機(jī)場(chǎng)：flight, safety-belt, boarding card, captain, airhostess, airline, take off, land, crash等。
有關(guān)信息詞匯同學(xué)們可以參看四六級(jí)英語(yǔ)《聽(tīng)力分冊(cè)》，這里就不再一一列舉。
3）注意加減運(yùn)算，聽(tīng)到的不是答案
在涉及時(shí)間、距離、金錢(qián)等數(shù)量概念的聽(tīng)力中，一般都要求同學(xué)們進(jìn)行加減方面的運(yùn)算，很少是聽(tīng)到什么就是什么。有時(shí)，計(jì)算可能會(huì)麻煩些，同學(xué)們可以先將聽(tīng)到的時(shí)間等記下，等有時(shí)間再計(jì)算。在計(jì)算題中應(yīng)特別注意以下數(shù)字的讀音差別：
13---30 14-40 15 --- 50 16 --- 60 17 -70 18 -80 19 -90
選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有這種數(shù)字讀音差別的考查。如：
W: when does the next train leave?
M: You have just missed one by 5 minutes. Trains leave every 50
minutes, so you'll have to wait for a while.
Q: How long does the woman have to wait for the next train?
A. 45 minutes. B. 50 minutes. C. 10 minutes. D. 5 minutes.
如果把50minutes 聽(tīng)成了15 minutes，就會(huì)誤選選項(xiàng)C。
4）注意記筆記，將人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間等對(duì)號(hào)入座
聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中的另外一種現(xiàn)象就是，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的人物、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或事件等在對(duì)話中可能都有提及。在這種情況下，同學(xué)們所需要的不是尋找信息詞，而是注意將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與對(duì)話中提及的信息對(duì)號(hào)入座。如：
① W: Do you enjoy life in Washington?
M: Yes, indeed. I'm planning to move to New York or Boston.
Anyway, I've never regretted my earlier decision.
Q: Where does the man live now?
A. In New York. B. In Boston C. In Newport D. In Washington
四個(gè)地點(diǎn)對(duì)話中提到了三個(gè)，具體是哪一個(gè)，同學(xué)們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候應(yīng)注意分辨。
②M:Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.
W:I am not going to any store. I'm going to see Aunt Mary. But I
will get them for you at the gas station.
Q:Where will the woman stop on her way?
A. At a cigarette store. B. At a bus station.
C. At a gas station. D. At Aunt Mary's
③M:I'd like to make two reservations on Flight 651 for June 8th.
W:I'm sorry, we're booked up on the 8th. But we still have a few
seats available on June 9th.
Q:When does the man want to leave?
A. On the 6th of June. B. On the 8th of June. C. On the 9th of June. D. On the 19th of June
如果地點(diǎn)不含職業(yè)性的對(duì)比，一般就很可能屬于這里所介紹的類(lèi)型，那么同學(xué)們所做的就是分別。
5）從語(yǔ)法入手、從短語(yǔ)含義入手，判斷隱含之意
在四六級(jí)聽(tīng)力中常考查到的語(yǔ)法是建議和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。要求同學(xué)們判斷建議是什么，虛擬中含義是什么。就建議而言，同學(xué)們只需注意建議的各種表達(dá)方式，就可解答這類(lèi)聽(tīng)力題；至于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，我想同學(xué)們可以記住這樣一條規(guī)律：
與所聽(tīng)到的相反的就是答案。
6） 概括與具體，具體與抽象相對(duì)，概括的、抽象的是解
這類(lèi)題主要是話題的選擇，也包括一些對(duì)整個(gè)事件的評(píng)價(jià)等。如：
① W:We all talk about how liberated we are, but in fact woman are
still not treated equally.
M:I don't think so. You've got the vote, you've got your careers
I think you've got everything important.
Q:What are they talking about?
A.The woman's job as a librarian. B.Woman's rights in society.
C.An important election. D. Career planning.
談?wù)摰脑掝}應(yīng)是一個(gè)抽象的概括性的東西，所以答案是B。
②M:This has been the worst flood for the past 20 years. It has
caused much damage and destruction.
W:Look at the price of fruits and vegetables.No wonder they are
expensive.
Q:What are they talking about?
A. The effects of the flood.
B. The heroic fight against flood.
C. The cause of the flood.
D. Floods of the past twenty years.
能夠概括對(duì)話中物價(jià)上漲的應(yīng)該是A。
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