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            名師解析06年考研英語大綱新增題型及制勝方略

                推薦:2006年考研新大綱名師解析系列訪談

              作者:北京新東方學(xué)校國內(nèi)考試部 周雷 李玉技

              最新出版的《2006年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱(非英語專業(yè))》在2005年的基礎(chǔ)上又進(jìn)行了修訂,即在閱讀理解Part B中增加了兩種備選題型,這在一定程度上反映了教育部對(duì)碩士研究生考試的重視,同時(shí)也反映了教育部也在努力將考研英語的出題水平與國際先進(jìn)英語測試接軌。說新增備選題型更為合理是因?yàn)樗诤艽蟪潭壬限饤壛藗鹘y(tǒng)的應(yīng)試討巧,真正讀懂文章才能夠取得高分;說新增備選題型更具有國際性是因?yàn)樗迷O(shè)計(jì)原則在一定程度上借鑒了英國劍橋考試委員會(huì)出題的雅思考試閱讀部分的思路。備選題型在一定程度上增加了考生備考的負(fù)擔(dān)。本文將詳盡分析了新增題型,以解考生的燃眉之急。

              (注意:大綱中規(guī)定了三種備選題型,但是我們根據(jù)大綱樣題進(jìn)一步把備選題型細(xì)劃為四種)

              一、選考題型之一 選擇搭配題

              (一)大綱要求

              選擇搭配題考一篇500-600詞的文章,該節(jié)共5題,每題兩分,共10分。該部分的測試重點(diǎn)在于把握文章結(jié)構(gòu),主要考察考生對(duì)諸如連貫性、一致性、邏輯聯(lián)系等語篇、語段整體特征的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上弄清文章的整體和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。

              (二)出題特點(diǎn)

              1.出題位置

              該節(jié)分為兩個(gè)部分:主干部分和選項(xiàng)部分。主干部分的原文約600詞,其中有5段空白處—空白處的位置可能在段首、段落中間、段未,但不會(huì)是文章的第一句,一般情況下也不會(huì)是最后一句。選項(xiàng)部分為6或7文字,每段可能是一個(gè)句子,可能是兩三個(gè)短句,也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據(jù)自己對(duì)文章的理解從選項(xiàng)中選擇5段文字放回到文章中相應(yīng)的5段空白處。

              2.選項(xiàng)設(shè)置特點(diǎn)

              非等額選項(xiàng)(題目5道,6-7個(gè)選項(xiàng))

              3.測試重點(diǎn)

              考生需要認(rèn)真搞清楚主干內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)上的關(guān)系和布局,從而分辨出選項(xiàng)部分從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上看是屬于文章的哪個(gè)部分,并可以與空白處的上下文有機(jī)地銜接起來。一般情況下不可能有特別明顯的詞匯、句子等語言方面的提示,也并不要求考生過分關(guān)注某一具體的細(xì)節(jié);而是要著眼于全文,在理解全文內(nèi)容、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系(如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、因果關(guān)系、從屬關(guān)系等)的基礎(chǔ)之上方能做出正確選擇。   
                (三)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)

             、倜枋鲂越Y(jié)構(gòu)(主要介紹事物 、問題或傾向的特點(diǎn),對(duì)人物的描述如傳記,包括人身體特征、家庭背景、成長過程、個(gè)性愛好、成就貢獻(xiàn)等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行描述、因此時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)往往是出題重點(diǎn))

             、卺屃x性結(jié)構(gòu)(解釋某一理論、學(xué)科、事物,主要用例子比喻類比闡述)

              ③比較性結(jié)構(gòu)(把兩個(gè)人或事物功能、特點(diǎn)、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比)

             、茉蛐越Y(jié)構(gòu)(這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要分析事物的成因,客觀的、主觀的、直接的、間接的)

             、蓠g斥性結(jié)構(gòu)(這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是先介紹一種觀點(diǎn),然后對(duì)其評(píng)論或駁斥,然后分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn),危害性,最后闡明自己的觀點(diǎn))。

              以上文章結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)其實(shí)反映了選擇搭配題題型的出題原則。

              (四)選擇搭配題解題步驟

             、匍喿x文章題目附近的句子,鎖定目標(biāo)答案可能的特征

             、陂喿x選擇項(xiàng),尋找特征詞(即確定答案的線索詞)

              特征詞:代詞、專用名詞、連接詞、數(shù)字、復(fù)數(shù)名詞等

              ③回頭再去看原文,明確1—5位置

              (1)開頭常是主題句,不行再看前和尾

              (2)中間不忘主題句,前瞻后望找啟示

              (3)末尾常是下結(jié)論,也可排比和例子

             、苡么敕ㄍㄗx全文,檢查答案是否合理

              (五)選擇搭配題的解題技巧

             、侏本徒瓌t尋找信息線索

              ②選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時(shí)間年代時(shí),往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

             、圻x項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)代詞時(shí),往往該選項(xiàng)往往不能放在首句,往往要注意指代成立的條件。

              it可指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個(gè)句子;

              they或them指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞;

              one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;

              that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子;

              this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子。

              ④絕對(duì)常是干擾項(xiàng),意思太泛太窄要小心

              ⑤警惕無關(guān)離題詞,兩項(xiàng)相近有答案

             、捱x項(xiàng)對(duì)比原文時(shí),與原文重復(fù)或同義改寫的字越多的往往就是選項(xiàng)

             、呖傮w觀、相互補(bǔ),做題不用按順序,選做易后做難,莫忘近鄰上下文

              ⑧放在段首的句子(段首題)的特點(diǎn)

              (1)當(dāng)選項(xiàng)或某段段首會(huì)含有between…and ,either…or, not only…but also;

              (2)復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),那么該段將是總分結(jié)構(gòu),其中提到的名詞可能定是線索;

              (3)會(huì)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):或;

             、岱旁诙挝驳木渥佑袝r(shí)也會(huì)有提示詞(段尾題的特點(diǎn)):

              (1)因果連詞

              therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence 

              (2)總結(jié)性連詞

              in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word

              (3)轉(zhuǎn)折性連詞

              but, nevertheless

              (4)主旨句

              (5)排比句

              (6)例證句

              (六)選擇搭配題?嫉倪壿嬯P(guān)系詞

              并列和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

             、贅(biāo)志詞

              and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too

              ②前后句子的名詞或意思具有同指性

              轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步的對(duì)立關(guān)系

             、贅(biāo)志詞

              but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary

             、谇昂缶渥拥拿~同指,但句意對(duì)立,往往出現(xiàn)以下情況

              a:褒貶對(duì)立

              b:句式結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)立,前肯后否、前否后肯

              例證關(guān)系

             、贅(biāo)志詞 :for example, for instance,for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify

             、诔鲱}模式

              a:總結(jié)說明例子(例證),總結(jié)說明后往往伴有表例證關(guān)系的提示詞;

              for example, for in stance 此時(shí)前面往往有復(fù)數(shù)名詞或表述概念句子

              b:例子(例證)總結(jié)說明?偨Y(jié)說明提前往往伴有提示詞: thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result

              定義關(guān)系

             、儆卸x或釋義關(guān)系的句子往往是文章或段落主題句,所以放段首或段尾

             、谙露x的方式有:

              a:判斷句:A is B

              b:名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+定語從句(定義內(nèi)容)

              c:名詞 +同位語

              d:名詞+be called+名詞

              e:by+名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+be meant + 名詞(定義內(nèi)容)

             、巯露x時(shí)所伴隨的過度詞:

              namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather

              (七) 選擇搭配題通用的解題方法

             、僦髦冀忸}法

              ② 同現(xiàn)關(guān)系

             、蹚(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系

             、苓壿嬯P(guān)系解題法

              ⑤數(shù)單詞個(gè)數(shù)解題法

              (八)選擇搭配題大綱樣題解析(Sample One)

              Directions:

              In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

              Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now . 41) .Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

              42) .Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.

              43) .There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

              44) .Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .

              45) .

              About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .

              [A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

              [B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .

              [C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .

              [D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .

              [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .

              [F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .

              [G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .

             。垲}解]

              本篇介紹的是史前類動(dòng)物。文章結(jié)構(gòu)的脈絡(luò)清晰:首先介紹什么是史前動(dòng)物和我們研究史前動(dòng)物的依據(jù)——化石,以及化石形成的過程。隨后,作者即按照動(dòng)物進(jìn)化的順序——我們可以見到其化石的最早的動(dòng)物,水生殼類動(dòng)物,脊椎類動(dòng)物——逐一加以介紹。

              41.文章一開始,作者告訴我們,早在人類出現(xiàn)以前地球上就許多物種,現(xiàn)在有些物種的后代依然生存,而另外一些則沒有留下后裔。在本題空白處后面文章又說巖石上偶爾會(huì)留下數(shù)百萬年前就死掉了的動(dòng)物精確的印記。顯然,空白處應(yīng)該是關(guān)于巖石與滅絕了的動(dòng)物之間的關(guān)系(7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有A﹑B﹑E﹑G四項(xiàng)提到了“rock”,但另外大三項(xiàng)意思上不符)。此外,空白處前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均為否定意義和表達(dá),而空白處的后面“accurate”和“much”則為肯定意義的表達(dá);這意味著空白處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該有一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上的“轉(zhuǎn)折—只有B項(xiàng)符合這一條件。所以正確答案只能是B。(注意:這道題去年的考試大綱中是段尾題,現(xiàn)在成了段中題,估計(jì)是打印錯(cuò)誤)

              42.本題考查尋找特征詞的能力。在該題中,根據(jù)就近原則在該題后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”為特征詞!皌he fossils”說明“ fossils”一詞是至少是第二次出現(xiàn),因?yàn)樗懊婕恿硕ü谠~the,通過仔細(xì)觀察并不難發(fā)現(xiàn),42以及其前面的內(nèi)容中都沒有fossils,這就確定fossils一詞必定出現(xiàn)在41,42中。根據(jù)意群相一致原則,在42中必定要與“water action”同現(xiàn)或復(fù)現(xiàn)的語言點(diǎn)。綜上所述,只有同時(shí)滿足以上兩個(gè)條件的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。雖然G項(xiàng)一開始就有“how fossils are preserved” ,與上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的;但是G項(xiàng)后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織“organism”可能轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成幾種形式,而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴人們“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙對(duì)于化石保存下來所起的作用—與上下文相符合。

              43.本題選擇的特征詞是“also”!癮lso”表并列關(guān)系,這就證明在43前面的句子中應(yīng)當(dāng)與also后的crab-like creatures相并列,即空白處顯然有關(guān)于另一動(dòng)物的內(nèi)容;從本段開始,文章轉(zhuǎn)向討論由低級(jí)高級(jí)變化(進(jìn)化)中的動(dòng)物。E項(xiàng)開始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章寫作的順序。B項(xiàng)與上文相符,但與下文不符,且與全文結(jié)構(gòu)不相吻合。

              44.本題選擇的特征詞是these以及與其具有同指關(guān)系的ammonites 和They 。通過閱讀44以后的兩個(gè)句子不難發(fā)現(xiàn),these,ammonites ,They是指同一事物,意即有“shell”的事物。同時(shí)44后一開始就有“Of these,…”,也就是說,空白部分應(yīng)該有“some, several, many”或類似的詞,答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,為避免句式上的重復(fù),作者改變句子起始的模式—這種做法很多見,因而也是考生閱讀和寫作中應(yīng)該注意的。

              45.該題目是一道簡單試題,一方面這是一道段落題,這就決定了有可能選最長的選項(xiàng)為答案,另一方面根據(jù)就近原則在下一段首句中發(fā)現(xiàn)的About 75 million years ago成為我們解題的關(guān)鍵。從文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)看,這里需要一個(gè)內(nèi)容的“高潮”:前面幾段,動(dòng)物都在不斷的進(jìn)化,而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,這里需要有一個(gè)“交代”。只有C項(xiàng)符合這一條件;同時(shí),“reptile”在本題空白處前文章中從沒有提到,在下文中又沒有作為新信息,因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞,只有C項(xiàng)中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正確答案只能是C。

              二、選考題型之二----------排序題

              該題型是一個(gè)排序題。要求考生將一組段落排序,使其意思通順。這就要求考生在閱讀各個(gè)段落時(shí)要把握它們的中心大意,并且將各段的段落大意整合,理清它們之間的邏輯順序。

              (一)排序題的解題步驟

              仔細(xì)閱讀已經(jīng)給出的答案,尋找其中得邏輯關(guān)系,并且在卷子上劃去已經(jīng)給出得兩個(gè)答案。

              閱讀選項(xiàng)和原文,確定目標(biāo)答案的位置

              通讀全文,確定語篇模式,檢查答案是否合理。

              (二)把握文章語篇模式

              經(jīng)典語篇模式一:話題+問題+解決辦法

              閱讀指導(dǎo):這類文章多屬敘述性的說明文。文章往往是先提出某個(gè)領(lǐng)域或某個(gè)方面出現(xiàn)的問題,然后分析問題,最后提出或陳述解決的辦法。這類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)可能多種多樣,但只要我們善于識(shí)別“問題——分析——解決辦法”這些主要步聚,就能把握文章的主線。

              經(jīng)典語篇模式二:列舉

              閱讀指導(dǎo):列舉(listing) 是常見的段落寫作方式,其特點(diǎn)就好比我們列一個(gè)清單。作者用列舉的方式來呈現(xiàn)事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、理由、原因等。列舉涉及大量的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),在有明確的表示列舉的信號(hào)詞的情況下(如:First/Second/Third/Finally/)比較容易把握;但在沒有這類信號(hào)詞時(shí),考生有時(shí)會(huì)因頭緒繁多而難以把握。但實(shí)際上,列舉總是逐項(xiàng)或分層次進(jìn)行的,無論有沒有信號(hào)詞,我們只要清楚有哪幾個(gè)層次,在心里給它們標(biāo)個(gè)序號(hào),紛繁的內(nèi)容就會(huì)變得井然有序。

              經(jīng)典語篇模式三:結(jié)果原因/現(xiàn)象成因

              閱讀指導(dǎo):探討某種現(xiàn)象的原因的文章是考試閱讀中經(jīng)常遇到的。它屬于說明文。這類文章往往先引入某種現(xiàn)象或狀況:可能是社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或某一方面問題的狀況,也可能是自然現(xiàn)象,然后探討為什么會(huì)有這種現(xiàn)象或狀況,即產(chǎn)生的原因。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)首先要確定討論的現(xiàn)象或狀況,然后梳理清楚作者所列舉的若干原因。

              的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字反映的情況真實(shí),這說明D項(xiàng)“沒有反映出經(jīng)濟(jì)的真實(shí)狀況”之意也不對(duì)。A項(xiàng)的考點(diǎn)是單詞“exclude(排除)”和“rebound(反彈)”以及短語“business cycle(商業(yè)周期)”;B項(xiàng)的考點(diǎn)是短語“fall short of(達(dá)不到)”和單詞“anticipation(預(yù)期)”;C 項(xiàng)的考點(diǎn)是單詞“meet(達(dá)到)”和短語“expectation(期望)”;D項(xiàng)的考點(diǎn)是單詞“fail(沒能)”和“reflect(反映)”以及短語“the true state of...(……的真實(shí)狀況)”。

              經(jīng)典語篇模式四:對(duì)比與比較

              閱讀指導(dǎo):對(duì)比(contrast)和比較(comparison)模式的文章也是考試閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的。文章通過對(duì)比或比較來說明兩個(gè)事物間的不同之處或某些相似點(diǎn)。對(duì)比或比較的寫作方式一般有兩種:一種是分開比較模式,即先論述甲事物的特點(diǎn)或狀況再論述乙事物的,可簡述為“A+B”模式;另一種為交替比較模式,即對(duì)事物的幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行逐項(xiàng)比較,可簡述為“A/B+A/B”模式。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)要注意文章在哪幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了比較,哪些是不同點(diǎn),哪些是相同點(diǎn)。

              經(jīng)典語篇模式五:議題+觀點(diǎn)+論證

              閱讀指導(dǎo):這類文章往往是作者就某一話題發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn),然后加以論證。閱讀這類文章要注意以下幾點(diǎn):①文章的話題是什么?②作者就這一問題提出了什么樣的觀點(diǎn)?③作者用了哪些主要事實(shí)來證明自己的觀點(diǎn)?

              經(jīng)典語篇模式六:錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)+異議+證明/議論

              閱讀指導(dǎo):這類文章在考試閱讀中出現(xiàn)頻率很高,屬于論說文中的駁論。作者通常在文章一開始就介紹一種對(duì)某一問題的流行觀點(diǎn),然后表示異議或直接表明不同的觀點(diǎn)。接著用事實(shí)論證流行觀點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤所在或通過議論駁斥流行觀點(diǎn),支持自己的論點(diǎn)。在閱讀這種類型的文章時(shí)我們要注意以下幾點(diǎn):①所引述的流行觀點(diǎn)或他人的觀點(diǎn)是什么?②作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度是什么?是贊成還是反對(duì)?要注意區(qū)分作者的觀點(diǎn)和他人的觀點(diǎn)。一般來說,一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞語往往是作者的觀點(diǎn)和流行的觀點(diǎn)的分界線,如:However/But/Nevertheless/As a matter of fact等。③作者用了哪些論據(jù)來反駁流行的觀點(diǎn)或證明自己的觀點(diǎn)

              (三)排序題的解題技巧

              1.按照大綱樣題所給的情況,如果五道題目全部選擇同一個(gè)答案的話,這種題目就至少可以做對(duì)一道,獲得2分。

              按照大綱樣題所給的情況,這種題目往往只需要做對(duì)四個(gè)就可以了,最后一個(gè)答案不用做就水到渠成。

              如果在給出兩個(gè)正確答案的情況下,如果最后剩余兩個(gè)答案沒有做出,而自己又沒有太大把握,為了保險(xiǎn)起見,可以在最后的兩個(gè)答案中任意選擇一個(gè)字母,兩道題目均選此字母,這樣至少可以選對(duì)一道題。

              這種題目在做對(duì)一道的情況下,每道題目可以選擇的概率分別是P51 , P41 , P31 , P21, P11

              在這種數(shù)學(xué)概率的情況下,對(duì)于我們的提示就是盡量先確定答案線索比較明確的題目的答案。不用按照題目的順序答題。

              (四)大綱樣題

              Directions:

              The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

             。跘]“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t -it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.

             。跙]“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.

              [C]“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.

             。跠]“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”

             。跡]“The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.

              [F]“So I just don’t know What to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”

             。跥]A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation-how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

              Order:

              G41.42.43.44.45.F

             。垲}解]

              這篇樣題在7個(gè)段落中已給出篇首和篇尾段落在文章的位置。通過對(duì)文章首末段的閱讀,我們明顯可以看出本文的結(jié)構(gòu)屬于現(xiàn)象問題解決型。

              首段說的是:一個(gè)大都市的市政府召開各部門管理人員研討會(huì)。有一個(gè)研討會(huì)討論的話題是如何激勵(lì)公務(wù)員做好工作。在討論中,一位警察局警長遇到的難題成了談?wù)摰慕裹c(diǎn)。除了這段話,其他段的話都有引號(hào),表明是某人說的話。尾段說到:“所以我不知道如何是好。多年來我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望這次研討會(huì)能給我的難題帶來啟示,能幫我應(yīng)對(duì)未來的工作!焙苊黠@,這是發(fā)言的總結(jié)句。結(jié)合第一段的內(nèi)容,我們可以知道,引號(hào)里的話是警察局警長的話,而整篇文章主要講的是他面臨的難題。

              接著,我們看A到E段,哪一段像發(fā)言的起始段呢?這就要看是哪一段把討論的話題引入。我們可以主要看每段的第一句話。我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)[C]段第一句話直截了當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)出話題:“I’ve got a real problem with my officers”,而且與首段的最后一句連接自然,所以我們可以判定41題空中應(yīng)該填 [C]。

             。跜]段的第一句話后,警長開始評(píng)價(jià)他的隊(duì)員。 這一段的內(nèi)容較為正面。因?yàn)榫L說“有一個(gè)難題”,按邏輯順序,下一段落應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折,提出職員中存在的問題。依照這樣的思路,我們?cè)谑O?的段落中尋找,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)下一段選[E]連接最自然。[C]段先表揚(yáng)職員對(duì)公眾的事積極、熱心,但是“The problem occurs when they get back to the station”(一回到警局問題就出現(xiàn)了)。什么問題呢?“They hate to do the paperwork…”警長說出了問題的關(guān)鍵——他們不喜歡寫公文。警長還進(jìn)一步說明了問題帶來的麻煩。說明了問題,警長又是怎么去解決的呢?他的解決方式是否奏效?順著這個(gè)思路,我們可以找出下兩段的順序是[A]項(xiàng)和[B]項(xiàng)。警長是毫無辦法。難道就一點(diǎn)辦法都沒有嗎?其他人是怎么看的?在[D]段中,警長提到有人建議通過勝訴記錄來評(píng)價(jià), 他們也進(jìn)行過小組之間的比賽,但是沒有什么效果。所以,警長殷切地希望能在研討會(huì)上得到啟發(fā)和幫助。按照這樣的思路,這些段落就組成了一篇通順、完整的文章。

              考生在做這樣的題型時(shí),如果沒有把握,可以多列出幾種可能的順序,然后根據(jù)這些順序重讀文章,看是否思路順暢。完成此類題目關(guān)鍵是把握文章的主要話題和基本的邏輯順序。

             。鄞鸢福

              41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D

              三、選考題型之三----------信息匹配題

              這一題型主要考查考生區(qū)分論點(diǎn)、論據(jù),把握論點(diǎn)論據(jù)一致性的能力。如樣題所示,該題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容,從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中找到能支持相應(yīng)論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。這就要求考生理解各個(gè)論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)的重點(diǎn)和含義,并能找出與論點(diǎn)一致的論據(jù)。

              (一)信息匹配題的解題步驟

              考生閱讀時(shí)可按照卷面排列的自然順序先看六個(gè)試題選項(xiàng)后讀短文,也可在閱讀短文后再看試題選項(xiàng) 。根據(jù)實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),筆者認(rèn)為先看試題選項(xiàng)效率更高一些。因?yàn)樵囶}選項(xiàng)中的六分之五是最后確答案,可以通過試題選項(xiàng)迅速理解文章大意,從而準(zhǔn)確建立宏觀主旨觀念,進(jìn)而有效的做到“抓大放小”?忌x后可以首先了解試題的內(nèi)容,這樣在閱讀時(shí)可以做到目標(biāo)明確 ,有的放矢,盡量減少盲目閱讀對(duì)時(shí)間的耗費(fèi)。具體做法可分為以下幾步進(jìn)行:

              (1)仔細(xì)閱讀六個(gè)試題選項(xiàng),正確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思。對(duì)于談?wù)撓嗨浦黧w的選項(xiàng),需區(qū)別內(nèi)容的相同處和不同處,并牢記體現(xiàn)不同處的關(guān)鍵詞語。

              (2)快速瀏覽短文,依靠標(biāo)題迅速抓住每篇短文的主題。瀏覽過程中若發(fā)現(xiàn)答題所需的具體信息,在詞語或句子下面劃線并標(biāo)上所答的題號(hào),以初步敲定。對(duì)那些暫時(shí)無法肯定的可暫且放置一邊,留待第二次閱讀時(shí)解決。

              (3)第二次閱讀短文時(shí)必須有針對(duì)性,主要為了解決兩個(gè)問題:一是仔細(xì)檢查已初步認(rèn)定的內(nèi)容與單句是否匹配;二是找到第一遍瀏覽時(shí)尚未找到的信息。

              (4)為確保準(zhǔn)確無誤,若有時(shí)間可再次將選項(xiàng)從短文中已選擇的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行比較,檢查有無謬誤或疏漏之處。

              (二)做信息匹配題時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的問題

              實(shí)際操作過程中,考生需注意以下幾個(gè)問題:

              把握好用于此項(xiàng)的時(shí)間,防止前松后緊。

              閱讀時(shí)要始終目的明確,凡是與問題部分無關(guān)的內(nèi)容可以暫時(shí)略去不看,以免耗費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間和精力。

              第三,在快速瀏覽短文時(shí),要特別注意所給的標(biāo)題獲黑體字,這無疑是把握各篇短文主題的最佳途徑,它們猶如門牌號(hào)碼,可使我們?cè)诓檎倚畔r(shí)直入大門,免走彎路。最后,閱讀問題部分的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí),要抓住每選項(xiàng)的核心意義,這樣有利用我們?cè)诓殚啎r(shí)迅速對(duì)號(hào)入座,減少誤差。

              (三)信息匹配題的解題技巧

              (1)收縮尋找范圍

              首先看清楚第一組例句問題和最后一道問題,之后找到兩者所提問的內(nèi)容在文中的位置,然后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)通常整組問題的答案都在此之間。用這個(gè)方法,你可省掉不少時(shí)間。

              (2)注意文字或句子的形式變化

              在文章中尋找答案的難度取決于你對(duì)字句的形式變化的認(rèn)識(shí)能力。

              需要注意三種形式:

              第一種:同義、相同的詞或詞組

              第二種:同義、相似的字

              第三種:同義、有很大差異的詞或詞組

              a)department stores=department stores(第一類)

              b)joined by=linked by(第二類)

              c)walkways above and below the ground=over_thestreet crossings and unde rground walkways(第三類)

              (3)留意數(shù)字

              數(shù)字的位置是最容易找的,如果問題提及過,用尋找關(guān)鍵字的方法就能找到答案。記住,數(shù)字有時(shí)候也可用英語表達(dá)出來。

              (四)大綱樣題

              Directions:

              You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

              The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume-descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.

              It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

              What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read-a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.

              41.Put yourself first:

              In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.

              42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:

              Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.

              Toot your own horn!

              Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.

              43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!

              Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”

              44.Turn bad news into good:

              Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.

              45.Never apologize:

              If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.

              The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.

              Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?

             。跘]A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”

             。跙]One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward-all in 34 words.

             。跜]For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.

              [D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”.

             。跡]One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.

             。跢]A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,“It wasn’t important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”

             。垲}解]

              這篇文章就如何寫好個(gè)人簡歷提出了自己的看法。文章用黑體小標(biāo)題給出了具體的建議,要求考生選出相應(yīng)的例子。

              首先,我們要通讀全文,了解大意。作者在文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的簡歷應(yīng)該是“functional”,應(yīng)該是讀起來有趣,具有個(gè)性的。在文章中,作者給出了具體的招數(shù)。每個(gè)著數(shù)都有小標(biāo)題,解釋和舉例。在這兒,考生應(yīng)該明白的是,英語文章中的小標(biāo)題不一定等同于論點(diǎn)或段落總結(jié)句。小標(biāo)題一般都較短,較簡潔,有些小標(biāo)題為了吸引讀者的注意力,用詞較夸張,或者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做題時(shí),不能慌慌張張地看了小標(biāo)題就去找答案。應(yīng)該結(jié)合正文理解觀點(diǎn)的含義。

              第一點(diǎn),“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢?下面的句子進(jìn)行了解釋,“要想讓自己的簡歷使讀的人充滿熱情,那么你首先就要覺得自己是個(gè)人物”。選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)能進(jìn)一步說明這一點(diǎn)呢?論證方法是這樣的。作者舉例說明時(shí),可能從正面角度,也可能從反面角度。[F]就是從反面說明了第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。作者通過例子說明,不要認(rèn)為自己做過的事情不值一提,瞧不起自己的人別人又怎么會(huì)重視呢?

              第二點(diǎn),“Sell what you can do,not who you are ”。要強(qiáng)調(diào)能力而不是性格。下面的文字進(jìn)一步說明了!耙獙W(xué)會(huì)把自己的個(gè)性和成就詮釋成具體的技能,世界上有至少5000種技能”(意思是,你總能找出一種自己擁有的技能)。文后的例子中只有[C]項(xiàng)最貼切,“例如,如果你有節(jié)約、投資、管理錢財(cái)?shù)奶旆,那么你擁有理?cái)?shù)哪芰。?/P>

              第三點(diǎn),“Be specific,be concrete,and briefly!”一言以蔽之:簡潔。哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)說明了這一點(diǎn)呢?[B]項(xiàng)這一個(gè)成功的例子說明了這點(diǎn),一位女士僅用了34個(gè)詞就把重點(diǎn)說明白了。

              第四點(diǎn),“Turn bad news into good”(將壞消息變成好消息)。這不是要讓人顛倒黑白,下面解釋道:“每個(gè)人在工作中總有不盡如人意的地方。如果要提到這些事,那么從積極、正面的角度去看。”[A]選項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)正面的例子。一個(gè)女助教因?yàn)檎s減資金而被解雇地。這似乎不大光彩,但是這位女士談起此事時(shí)卻用了另一個(gè)角度,“校長說了,如果政府的資金夠的話,她第一個(gè)重聘的就是我”,字里行間洋溢著自信。

              第五點(diǎn),“Never apologize”(不要道歉)。下面的文字舉例說明了,要揚(yáng)長避短。每個(gè)人都有短處,沒有必要為自己的短處羞愧。求職就是要讓雇主看到自己的閃光點(diǎn),個(gè)人簡歷不是進(jìn)行道歉的地方。[D]項(xiàng)以一個(gè)失敗的例子說明了這一點(diǎn):作者的一位朋友說他求職時(shí)遭到了歧視,因?yàn)樗暮啔v中寫了“好學(xué),但教育程度不高”。

              [答案]

              41.F42.C43.B44.A45.D

              四、選考題型之四----------概括大意題

              該題型考查的是考生把握主旨大意,進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)的能力。如樣題所示,該題型要求考生為文章中的若干段落選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)男?biāo)題。其實(shí),就是要求考生選出最能概括段落主題或要點(diǎn)的標(biāo)題。

              (一)題型要求

              文章由若干段話組成,要求給每段話歸納段落大意,意即找出該段的中心思想、主旨。

              本題型不是讓你寫出每段話的段落大意,這樣不好評(píng)判對(duì)錯(cuò)。而是要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇。 在現(xiàn)在的考試中,選項(xiàng)的數(shù)目往往大大多于文章中段落的數(shù)目,也就是說,有很1-2個(gè)干擾選項(xiàng)。 

              (二)解題步驟

              每個(gè)選項(xiàng)最多只能用一次,也就是說,兩個(gè)段落的段落大意不可能是一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這是因?yàn)椴煌温涞闹髦伎隙ㄊ遣煌,原文將它們分為不同的段落,就是要分別說不同的內(nèi)容。如果兩段的主旨相同,即表達(dá)的中心思想一致,應(yīng)該將它們合為一段,是沒有必要分為兩段。

              1.先閱讀選擇項(xiàng),尋找關(guān)鍵詞,確定所考段落,然后讀一段話,做一道題。

              大家先想一下,下面的做題方法好嗎?

              先看第一個(gè)選項(xiàng),讀懂它的意思。然后讀原文的各段落,判斷該選項(xiàng)是原文哪個(gè)段落的小標(biāo) 題。然后按照同樣的方法處理其余的各選項(xiàng)。這樣的做法不好,因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)的數(shù)目遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于原文段落的數(shù)目。所以這樣做,不僅花費(fèi)的時(shí)間多,而且極易受到干擾選項(xiàng)的誤導(dǎo)。很可能第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)就是干擾選項(xiàng),你花費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間 ,將這個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文的各段落相對(duì)照,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)它是一個(gè)干擾選項(xiàng),這已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間 。

              正確的方法是:

              先看選項(xiàng),尋找關(guān)鍵詞,確定所考段落。這樣做的好處有兩點(diǎn):

              尋找選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞,它有可 能與某段的核心詞匯重合,如果重合,那該選項(xiàng)可能是正確答案。

             、诖_定所考段落,未考段 落可暫時(shí)不必閱讀。讀文章的時(shí)候,不要一下把文章全讀完,而是讀一段話,做一道題。假如原文的第一段的小標(biāo)題已找到,那么,先讀第二段,然后到選項(xiàng)列表中找該段 話的小標(biāo)題。然后再讀第三段,同樣處理,直至完成。這樣做,不僅速度快,而且準(zhǔn)確率高 。

              2.讀每段話時(shí),要抓住該段話的主題句和核心詞匯。正確答案常常是主題句的改寫。

              讀每段話時(shí),并不是該段話全要仔細(xì)閱讀。這樣,既浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,也不容易抓住重點(diǎn)。應(yīng)該抓住該段話的主題句。

              先讀該段話的第一句,然后,與選項(xiàng)列表中的各選項(xiàng)一一對(duì)應(yīng),確定正確答案,正確選項(xiàng)一 般是該句話的改寫。如果答案不能確定,應(yīng)再讀該段話的第二句,然后,與選項(xiàng)列表中 的各 選項(xiàng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。如果答案還是不能確定,應(yīng)再讀該段話的最后一句,再與選項(xiàng)列表中的各選 項(xiàng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。如果還是找不著正確的答案,則就需要閱讀整段話了。

              段落的主題句在第一句的可能性超過50%,段落的主題句在第二句的 可能性為20%,段落的主題句在最后一句的可能性超過20%。也就是說,按照上述方法做這種題型,讀完該段話的第一句,就能在選項(xiàng)中找出該段話的小標(biāo)題,這種可能性超過50% 。整段話都需要閱讀的可能性不到10%。

              這個(gè)做題方法不僅有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的依據(jù),還有理論的基礎(chǔ)。英文的段落展開方法比較簡單,主要有兩種:演繹法(Deductive Method)及歸納法(Inductive Method)。演繹法指的是由觀點(diǎn) 到例子及論據(jù),所以主題句在該段話的第二句。凡主題句在第一句或第二句,都是演繹法 。歸納法是指由例子及論據(jù)到觀點(diǎn),所以主題句在該段話的最后一句。70%左右的段落是用 演繹法寫的,而且其中絕大部分主題句在第一句。20%左右的段落是用歸納法寫的。

              有的同學(xué)會(huì)說,我怎么知道某段話是用演繹法寫的,還是用歸納法寫的?是的,不讀完整段話,是不知道的。但讀完整段話,很浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,而且,由于文章句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,再加上有一 些不熟悉的單詞,很可能你也讀不太懂。所以,若讀完整段話再來選擇該段話的Heading, 不僅時(shí)間不夠用,而且往往正確率也不高。

              我們介紹的這種抓主題句的方法,就是,首先認(rèn)為段落是用演繹法寫的,而且主題句在 第一句,按照第一句的意思,在選項(xiàng)列表中確定正確答案。如果選項(xiàng)列表中有一項(xiàng)與這句話 的意思相同,即可認(rèn)為是正確答案。如果不能確定,再依次讀該段話的第二句和最后一句, 再與選項(xiàng)列表中的各選項(xiàng)一一對(duì)應(yīng),確定正確答案。實(shí)踐證明,這種方法不僅節(jié)省時(shí)間,而且正確率也很高。

              3.某段話的答案確定后,將它的選項(xiàng)從選項(xiàng)中劃去。

              我們?cè)谇懊嬷v過,每個(gè)選項(xiàng)最多只能用一次,也就是說,不可能兩個(gè)段落的小標(biāo)題是一個(gè)選 項(xiàng)。所以,一段話的答案確定后,將它的選項(xiàng)從選項(xiàng)列表中劃去,以免被誤選為其他段落的小標(biāo)題。而且在選其他段落的答案時(shí),可以不看該選項(xiàng),節(jié)省時(shí)間。但如果某段話的答案不太確定,如第三段,可能是C,也可能不是C,這時(shí)不能將C從選項(xiàng)列表中劃去。

              4.如果答案不確定,先將可能正確的選項(xiàng)全部選出。

              如果一個(gè)段落原答案不確定,應(yīng)將它們先都選出來,寫在題目的旁邊,再往下做。這樣做的 好處是,下面某一段的答案確定后,便能推斷出上面段落的答案來。因?yàn),我們(cè)谇懊嬷v過 ,每個(gè)選項(xiàng)最多只能用一次,也就是說,不可能兩個(gè)段落的小標(biāo)題是一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。例如:第二 段的答案可能是B或D,但你能夠確定第四段的答案是D,所以,第二段的答案就是B了。即使 第二段后面各段的主旨都不是B或D,最后在確定第二段的主旨時(shí),也是從B和D中選擇 一個(gè)。

              5.干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是,段落中未展開詳細(xì)的說明。

              作為干擾選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的常常是段落中提到的細(xì)節(jié),但我們要找的是段落的主旨。這更說明做這 種題要抓住段落的主題句,而不是整個(gè)段落全看。否則,特別容易受到干擾選項(xiàng)的誤導(dǎo)。

              6.如果主題句比較復(fù)雜(如復(fù)合句),應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看主句部分。

              有時(shí)主題句是比較復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句,如果理解有困難,應(yīng)集中精力看主句部分,正確答案應(yīng)來 自主句。

              主題句中,常常有如下的句式:

            Although/While/Despite/Despite the fact...,中文意思是:“雖然…,但是…” 。前面是個(gè)讓步狀語從句,后面是主句,要說明的觀點(diǎn)在主句中。

              例如某段話的主題句為:

              However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepare d to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructu red interview.

              譯文:雖然招收新人的決定很重要而且有很多成熟的和更客觀的選擇技巧,很多單位仍然 準(zhǔn)備基于30到45分鐘的無組織的面試來做出決定。

              講解:這句比較復(fù)雜,不好理解。應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看主句部分many organisations are still prepa red to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructured interview。正確答案為:The unstructured interview and its validity。

              7.如果主題句中有show和suggest等詞,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看其后的賓語從句。

              show,suggest是“表明”、“說明”的意思,其后的賓語從句往往是要說明的觀點(diǎn),是該 段話的主旨。

              例某段話的主題句為:

              Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce, Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labor for family work are very rigid indeed.

              譯文:雖然有孩子的婦女參加工作的數(shù)目顯著上升,但過去15年澳大利亞的研究一致表明 ,家庭工作的勞動(dòng)分工實(shí)際上是非常固定的。

              講解:這句話比較復(fù)雜,不好理解。按照前面的注意事項(xiàng),應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看主句部分。主句部分 中,有show的類似結(jié)構(gòu):showing that,所以,其后的賓語從句是要說明的觀點(diǎn),是該段話 的主旨。正確答案應(yīng)是divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed 的 改寫。其中,關(guān)鍵詞是rigid,在本句中的意思是固定不變的。正確答案為:The uncha nged role of the female parent。

              請(qǐng)注意:正確選項(xiàng)中的unchanged是原文主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞rigid的同義詞。

              8.如果主題句是not only ... but also句型,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看but also后面的部 分。

              not only ... but also的意思是“不僅…而且…”,常用來承上啟下。not only后面 的部分是“承上”,即上一段的主旨,but also后面的部分是“啟下”,即本段話的主旨。 所以,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看but also后面的部分。

              例某段話的主題句為:

              Diversity exists not only between cultures, but also within a single culture.

              譯文:多樣性不僅存在于不同的文化之間,而且還存在于同一文化之中。

              講解:本句用來承上啟下。not only后面的部分是“承上”,即上一段的主旨是:多樣性存 在于不同的文化之間,but also后面的部分是“啟下”,即本段話的主旨是:多樣性存在于 同一文化之中。正確答案為:Variation within cultures。

              請(qǐng)注意:正確選項(xiàng)中的Variation是原文主題句中Diversity的同義詞。這也說明,正確答案 常常是主題句的改寫。

              9.問句不會(huì)是主題句

              問句通常作為引題,是過渡性的句子。所以,在做Headings題時(shí),如果某個(gè)段落的第一句、 第二句或最后一句的問句,應(yīng)該忽略,不用閱讀,肯定不是主題句。

              例如某段話的第一句為:

              Should police assume all the responsibility for ensuring a rapid response?

              譯文:警察應(yīng)該承擔(dān)快速反應(yīng)的全部責(zé)任嗎?

              講解:此句雖然是該段話的第一句,但因?yàn)槭菃柧,所以不用看,肯定不是主題句,直接看 該段話的第二句即可。

              10.舉例子的句子不會(huì)是主題句

              英文文章講究以理服人,經(jīng)常用例證即舉個(gè)例子來論述自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以,在閱讀文章中 ,經(jīng)常有以For example開始的句子。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意,舉例子的句子是用來解釋說明觀點(diǎn)的 ,它不會(huì)是段落的主題句。所以,在做Headings題時(shí),如果某個(gè)段落的第一句、第二句或最 后一句是舉例子的句子,應(yīng)該忽略,不用閱讀,肯定不是主題句。

              例:For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater li kelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a ca ll is received by the police.

              譯文:例如,只有警察在接到電話1-2分鐘之后做出的快速反應(yīng)才更有可能抓住罪犯。

              講解:這是一個(gè)以For example開始的舉例子的句子,所以不用看,肯定不是主題句。

              11.正確答案應(yīng)是主題句的改寫,與主題句特別一致的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)引起懷疑。

              正確答案應(yīng)是主題句的改寫,所以與主題句中的某些詞特別一致的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)不是正確答案。

              例如某段話的第一句(主題句)為:

              Overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey.

              有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為:

              Female Students

              原句的意思是:在調(diào)查中,女學(xué)生的數(shù)目超過男學(xué)生的數(shù)目。

              上述選項(xiàng)只提到了女學(xué)生,所以,它不對(duì)。應(yīng)用本條件規(guī)律,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它與主題名中的詞f emale students一模一樣,所以也應(yīng)該懷疑它不是正確選項(xiàng)。

              正確選項(xiàng)為:Gender

              Gender的意思是“性別”。在主題句中并沒有這個(gè)詞,可見正確答案應(yīng)是主題句的改寫。

              例如某段話的第一句(主題句)為:

              While student visa holders took either 10-29 week or 40 week courses,most studen ts on working holiday and tourist visas took courses of less than 10 weeks,or from 10 to 19 weeks in length.

              容易誤選的選項(xiàng)為:

              Visas

              正確選項(xiàng)為:

              Length of Courses

              

              12.如果需要閱讀整個(gè)段落,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀該段落中的重點(diǎn)詞句。

              并不是每個(gè)段落都有主題句,有10%左右的Headings是必須閱讀整段才能找出的。受英語水平的限制,如果閱讀整個(gè)段落有困難,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀段落中的如下內(nèi)容:

              1)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞

              2)括號(hào)里的詞

              3)引號(hào)里的詞

              4)黑體字

              5)斜體字

              (三)大綱樣題

              Directions:

              You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

              [A]What to do as a student?

             。跙]Various definitions of plagiarism

             。跜]Ideas should always be sourced

             。跠]Ignorance can be forgiven

             。跡]Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

              [F]The consequences of plagiarism

              Scholars,writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas.In the English-speaking world,the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas.Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning,and publication as one’s own of the ideas,or the expression of ideas of another.”

              41.

              The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

              42.

              Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words,otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly.They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

              43.

              Plagiarism by accident,or oversight,sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from.He may have read it long ago,heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues.He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed.Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against,it is the least serious and,if lessons learned,can be exempt from being severely punished.

              44.

              Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources.The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting,listing bibliography-are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

              45.

              The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

              The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

             。垲}解]

              這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)屬于現(xiàn)象、問題解決型,內(nèi)容是關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)抄襲,作者主要介紹了什么是抄襲,它的后果,以及建設(shè)性的建議。整篇文章層次分明,語言簡練。

              文章第1段給抄襲下了定義。

              第2段的第一句話已經(jīng)暗示了41題的答案,“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的結(jié)果,而在6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,[F]項(xiàng)中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄襲的后果)剛好與penalties相對(duì)應(yīng)。

              下1段又說到,學(xué)生們應(yīng)該避免抄襲。而造成抄襲又可以分為3種情況:偶然、無知和故意。接下來的幾段就是對(duì)這3種情況的進(jìn)一步介紹。了解了這些段落的大意,考生就可以選出剩下的答案了。

              42題目所在段落中的首句有Students一詞,與選項(xiàng)A中的student相對(duì)應(yīng)。該文中除了最后一段,就只有第三段中有Students一詞了。

              也許考生在43題和44題上會(huì)選錯(cuò),看到44題所處段落中有“ignorance”這個(gè)詞就選了[D]。但是該段強(qiáng)調(diào)的是作者都應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)標(biāo)注引用的來源,如果沒有標(biāo)注,免不了要受到抨擊。43題所處段落中說,這種抄襲的情況是最輕的一種,是可以饒恕的,所以[D]選項(xiàng)最貼切。

             。鄞鸢福

              41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.E

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