例8:The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods; since 1790’s, North American entrepreneurs ------ even without technological improvements ------ had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.
1、impressive給人留下深刻印象的。我們往往都是一個(gè)褒義的用法。It is good 直接換成 it is impressive.
2、stemmed primarily from 來(lái)源于 the way 某種方式后面是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句而且后面還有一個(gè)分號(hào)隔開(kāi),兩個(gè)層次了。
3、出口方面所取得的令人映像深刻的收獲(好的收獲)主要來(lái)自于工人生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品這樣一種方式。
4、分號(hào)后面18世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),北美的企業(yè)家們——盡管技術(shù)上沒(méi)有發(fā)展——但已經(jīng)還是擴(kuò)大了輸出系統(tǒng)的范圍。什么樣的系統(tǒng)呢,使得手工生產(chǎn)效率更高的系統(tǒng)。通過(guò)什么方式呢,by 方式狀語(yǔ)吧,通過(guò)把原材料給一系列的工人們這樣一種方式,什么樣的工人呢,處于生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的單個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)上的工人。
例9:The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.
1、artist 藝術(shù)家 artisan 工匠
2、be attributable to 歸因于
3、這個(gè)句子,現(xiàn)在我們看來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單了吧,fact 后面接了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,然后是一個(gè)非限制性的定從,工匠被經(jīng)常認(rèn)為是藝術(shù)家這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),要?dú)w因于Arts and Crafts Movement手工藝品運(yùn)動(dòng)。
例10:A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
1、主語(yǔ)A few art collectors 謂語(yǔ)introduced 引入introduced European art traditions to those colonists introduce sth to sb 引入某人把歐洲藝術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)介紹給了這些殖民者。
2、privileged判斷是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞吧。是哪一種?很明顯非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。被賦予了一種特權(quán),什么樣的特權(quán)呢,去參觀他們畫廊的特權(quán)。
3、中間的插入成分先跳過(guò)。好,難點(diǎn)就在這,后面這個(gè)and established到底是和誰(shuí)并列,使和動(dòng)詞introduced 并列還是和分詞privileged并列。如果和introduced 并列那么主意就是 collectors 如果是和分詞privileged并列,那么邏輯主語(yǔ)就是colonists。
4、怎么判斷,根據(jù)內(nèi)容吧,殖民者不可能被established 作后置定語(yǔ)修飾,他不可能成為被建立吧,所以這個(gè)地方應(yīng)該是全句的一個(gè)謂語(yǔ),and 連接的是句子的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,他們的共同的主語(yǔ)是collectors 他們?cè)谙嚓P(guān)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)建立起了一套思想,這套思想是關(guān)于藝術(shù)的價(jià)值以及need for institutions 對(duì)制度的需求,這種制度關(guān)注的是一種激勵(lì)。
補(bǔ)充:詞組被拆散的現(xiàn)象
It can be inferred /from the passage/ [that a historian (who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century )would probably be most aided /by better information about which of the following?/]
從文章中可以推斷出來(lái),[一個(gè)希望比較(十五世紀(jì)的某個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人)的犯罪率與(另一個(gè)十年中的城市每千人)的犯罪率的] 歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)在下列哪種信息中獲得最大的幫助。
Increasingly ,historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492—new estimates of which soar as high as 100 million ,or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century.
越來(lái)越多地,歷史學(xué)家們正把一種巨大的不同歸罪于從歐洲傳來(lái)的疾病。這種不同是體現(xiàn)在1942年美洲當(dāng)?shù)?/P>
人口的數(shù)量和十九世紀(jì)幸存的幾百萬(wàn)純種印地安人數(shù)量之間的。最近對(duì)1942年的美洲人口數(shù)的估計(jì)上升到了一億,或是當(dāng)時(shí)總?cè)丝跀?shù)的六分之一。
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