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　�、� In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread。

　　【考點分析】① 因果�？�(driven)，出31題[A]。Malcolm Aladuell 的觀點“社會流行的東西在很大程度上是有一小部分有影響力的人發(fā)動的，這些人見多識廣，有說服力” ②轉(zhuǎn)折�？�，出31題[B]。 “這個觀點不能解釋思想是如何傳播的”。要注意：ideas actually spread= social epidemics 這就意味著作者認(rèn)為influential對how ideas actually spread作用不大，不起driven(驅(qū)動)的作用。

　　31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to __________。

　　[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics

　　[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

　　[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics

　　[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials。

　　【正確選項解析】[B] 本題是說明作者目的題。由上文②的分析可知選本選項。

　　【干擾選項分析】[A] 與原文相反。本文討論的是原因(driven)，而本題是說結(jié)果(consequence)。

　　[C] 本段沒有提到人們的直覺的反應(yīng)(intuitive response)。②只是說“作者認(rèn)為這個觀點從直覺上看是吸引人的”。所以無中生有

　　[D]偏離中心：influential對social epidemics的作用。只是①中的細(xì)節(jié)。

　　①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”： Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. ② Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

　　【考點分析】①因果�？�(derive from)+轉(zhuǎn)折�？�(but)+否定�？�(untested)+段首�？�+特殊標(biāo)點�？�(冒號)，出32題。請看supposed在《牛津高階英語詞典》的英文解釋 [only before noun] used to show that you think that a claim, statement or way of describing sb/sth is not true or correct, although it is generally believed to be。這就意味著supposed后面的東西在本質(zhì)上都是作者反對的�！斑@種influential的假象的重要性來源于一個貌似合理但是實質(zhì)上未經(jīng)檢驗的two-step flow of communication的理論”。②講商人接受了這一錯誤觀點。③中的seems ④中的cursory search(草率的搜索) ⑤中的Anecdotal evidence(傳聞的證據(jù))這幾個詞組都表明作者對這個理論持反對態(tài)度。

　　32. The author suggests that the “two-step flow theory” __________。

　　[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems

　　[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends

　　[C]has won support from influentials

　　[D]requires solid evidence for its validity

　　【正確選項解析】[D]由①可知這個理論是未經(jīng)檢驗的(untested)，這就意味著“需要可靠的證據(jù)證明其有效性”(requires solid evidence for its validity)。所以本題是同義替換之正話反說。

　　【干擾選項分析】[A]與作者對該理論的反對態(tài)度矛盾。

　　[B] ③這個理論似乎(seems)可以解釋某些流行的趨勢，seem這個詞表明作者其實是反對這個說法的。

　　[C]偷換概念，偷換了②中的marketer

　�、買n their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ② In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all. ③ The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. ④Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ⑤ For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; ⑥and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ⑦ If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people。

　　【考點分析】①承上啟下。研究者推翻了上文的錯誤觀點。②無需看懂。③研究者的理由來自關(guān)于社會影響的簡單的觀察。即使最有影響力的人也不會與太多的人交流。④是two-step-flow theory理論。⑤轉(zhuǎn)折�？汲�33題�！懊恳粋�受影響的人必須要影響他的熟人，他的熟人再影響自己的熟人”，這也就因為是social interaction。

　　33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that __________。

　　[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions。

　　[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media。

　　[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public。

　　[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention。

　　【正確選項解析】[A] 由⑤可知，a social epidemic to occur= the power of influence， his or her own acquaintances=social interaction 可以明確的同義替換。goes with 與…相伴而生。

　　【干擾選項分析】[B]本段沒有提到媒體增加人際聯(lián)系。無中生有。

　　[C] channel(渠道)無中生有

　　[D“大多數(shù)名人有很大的媒體影響力”無中生有。

　　34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who __________。

　　[A] stay outside the network of social influence

　　[B] have little contact with the source of influence

　　[C] are influenced and then influence others

　　[D] are influenced by the initial influential

　　【正確選項解析】本題可以看做是指代詞具體是指代的對象。指代的對象一定是向前指代，往前找最近的名詞。⑤中“每一個受影響的人必須要影響他的熟人，他的熟人再影響自己的熟人”所以these people 就是指這些“被影響并且影響別人的人”

　　【干擾選項分析】[A]“在社會影響的網(wǎng)絡(luò)之外”與原文相反。

　　[B] 強干擾項。⑥說的是“how many others pay attention to each of these people”與initial influential(= the source of influence)無關(guān)，而[B]偷換為“these people”與initial influential(= the source of influence)接觸不多。

　�、貰uilding on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social contagion by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced。

　　【考點分析】

　　35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

　　[A]The eagerness to be accepted

　　[B]The impulse to influence others

　　[C]The readiness to be influenced

　　[D]The inclination to rely on others

　　【正確選項解析】 [C]The readiness to be influenced由本段最后一句可知社會影響的動力要素是：人們影響別人的能力以及被別人影響的傾向性。所以選C。

　　【干擾選項分析】[B] 錯在impulse(突如其來的念頭)

　　[A]錯在accept

　　[D]錯在 rely on 。

　　解法二：[B][C] 符合黃二。但是由第四段最后一句：

　　If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people。尤其是resistant可知更強調(diào)的是“被影響”

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