Optimists are wiser than their pessimistic peers, and bitterness keeps a person from being wise because they haven't learned lessons, Canadian researchers say.

　　加拿大研究人員稱，整日憂心忡忡的人不如那些天性樂(lè)觀的人聰明，因?yàn)樗麄儫o(wú)法從讓他們感到痛苦的事情上汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　Dolores Pushkar, a professor at Concordia University in Montreal, says wisdom and intelligence aren't the same thing and she estimates only 5 percent of the population can be described as truly wise.

　　加拿大蒙特利爾市康哥迪亞大學(xué)的教授德洛麗絲·浦西卡爾稱智慧和智商是兩碼事。據(jù)她估計(jì)，全世界僅有5%的人稱得上具有真正的智慧。

　　Pushkar and co-authors Andrew Burr, Sarah Etezadi, Tracy Lyster and Sheila Mason say no single definition of wisdom exists, but many agree it involves knowledge, understanding human nature, life contentment, empathy and the flexibility to see issues from others' perspectives.

　　浦西卡爾教授和她的同事安德魯·波爾，莎拉·艾特扎迪，特蕾西·李斯特爾，希拉·梅森認(rèn)為真正的智慧無(wú)法用單一的概念表述， 它不單指擁有知識(shí)，還必須包括具備洞悉人性，知足達(dá)觀，悲天憫人和換位思考的能力。

　　“Wisdom has an impact on how people cope in situations and whether they are more or less satisfied with life,” Etezadi says.

　　艾特扎迪稱智慧決定了一個(gè)人決斷問(wèn)題的方式，也影響著一個(gè)人對(duì)生活的態(tài)度。The researchers say overwhelming and prolonged stress are injustices that can prevent people from garnering wisdom.

　　研究人員表示一個(gè)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于壓力之下的人很難獲得智慧。

　　Pushkar says wise people often highlight common sense -- but what makes them different than most is how they follow their own advice.

　　浦西卡爾教授稱智慧的人很注重常識(shí)，但真正使他們與眾不同的地方在于他們對(duì)于問(wèn)題有自己的理解和判斷。

　　“We found that people who are wiser maintain a sense of happiness,” Etezadi says: “They are high on wisdom, which has a buffering effect.”

　　“通過(guò)調(diào)查我們發(fā)現(xiàn)擁有智慧的人都能保持一個(gè)健康樂(lè)觀的心態(tài)，這種心態(tài)非常重要，它能起到紓解壓力的作用”，艾特扎迪說(shuō)。

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