第5課

虛擬語氣

一、虛擬語氣的規(guī)則用法：

1主、從句都表示與過去事實(shí)相反：

從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：had + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞；

主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞。

注意：能用于虛擬語氣的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只有四個(gè)：should, could, would, might.

使用哪一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞要由句子含義決定，考試中出現(xiàn)最多的是could, would.

2 主、從句都表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：

從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：動(dòng)詞過去式（如果是be則只能用were）

主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形。

3 主、從句都表示與將來事實(shí)相反：

從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：were to + 動(dòng)詞原形（重點(diǎn)）、should + 動(dòng)詞原形、動(dòng)詞過去式；

主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形。

二、虛擬語氣的特殊應(yīng)用：

1 would rather + 句子，這時(shí)句子謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。

2 if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，這時(shí)句子一定要用虛擬語氣。

有兩種形式可以體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣：

a. 如果該句子如果表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來事�?shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。

b. 如果該句子如果表示與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。

70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.

A follow   B had followed   C would follow   D have followed

47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible

A approve   B will approve   C can approve   D would approve

注意：當(dāng)if only后的句子表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來事�?shí)相反，該用動(dòng)詞過去式來表示虛擬語氣，而選項(xiàng)中又沒有時(shí)，可以采用這種形式：would + 動(dòng)詞原形。

3 當(dāng)以下動(dòng)詞后加句子時(shí)，句子應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，句子謂語動(dòng)詞的形式是：（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

a. 表示建議、提議的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.

[move只有在表達(dá)在會(huì)議上提出提議時(shí)后面加虛擬語氣]

b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.

c. 表示指揮、命令的：order, command, direct.

d. 表示堅(jiān)持，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為的：insist.

4 it is + 第三點(diǎn)中動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 + that引導(dǎo)的從句。

這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)中從句謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

以下幾個(gè)形容詞置于該結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)也要用相同的形式來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣：

important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有義務(wù)的，強(qiáng)制性的，必須的）。

5 第三點(diǎn)中動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞形式 + that引導(dǎo)從句，該從句同樣要用虛擬語氣，

謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

經(jīng)常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的詞有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.

6 以下一些表達(dá)方式所在的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。

or(表示否則), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)

當(dāng)遇到含有以上四個(gè)表達(dá)方式的句子時(shí)，先要判斷該句是表示與現(xiàn)在、過去、還是將來事實(shí)相反，然后依照相應(yīng)的虛擬語氣規(guī)則用法的形式來確定句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

含有下面三個(gè)表達(dá)方式的句子體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣的形式是固定的：

lest(以免，防備), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..條件下)

它們后面句子的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式都是：（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

7 it is time 是...的時(shí)候了。

這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩種變形形式，所用虛擬語氣形式都一樣：it is high time / it is about time.

這三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)后面加的句子謂語動(dòng)詞都用一般過去時(shí)來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。

8 注意以下兩種情況下should + 動(dòng)詞原形中should不能省略。

這里should表示一種語氣，經(jīng)常被翻譯成“竟然”。

a. 四個(gè)動(dòng)詞：think, believe, expect, suspect.

它們的否定或者疑問形式后面加句子，句子謂語動(dòng)詞用：should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省略。

I don't believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也會(huì)被騙。

b. it is a pity, it is a shame 真遺憾，it is strange 真怪

以上三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)后面加的句子謂語動(dòng)詞用：should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省略。

錯(cuò)綜時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬語氣

錯(cuò)綜時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬語氣即指主句和從句在表達(dá)是與什么時(shí)態(tài)的事實(shí)相反上并不一致（比如主句要表達(dá)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反而從句要表達(dá)與過去事實(shí)相反），這種情況要采用“對號入座”的方法來處理，即主從句結(jié)構(gòu)分別采用與其表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)對應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。

60. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.

A wouldn't be smiling   B couldn't have smiled   C won't smile   D didn't smile

2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.

A you won’t find any difficulty now   B you would not have found any difficulty now

C you would not find any difficulty now   D you have not found any difficulty now

3. He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.

A passed   B have passed   C had passed   D should have passed

16. It is a shame that he _B_ that poor little girl!

A deceived   B should deceive   C deceive   D deceiving

18. Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _D_ her son's sleep. [lest(以免，防備) 后面句子的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式都是：（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形]

A would interfere with   B had interfered with

C interfered with   D should interfere with

-------------------------1996-01-------------------------

21. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfected now.

A) developed   B have developed   C are being developed   D will have been developed

22. This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.

A gives   B grants   C entitles   D credits

A,B兩項(xiàng)都要加雙賓語，結(jié)構(gòu)為：gives / grants sb. sth.

entitle sb. to sth. 使某人有權(quán)得到某物； credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。

相信飛機(jī)失事是由飛行員錯(cuò)誤造成的。 Credit the crash to the pilot's mistake.

crash 墜落，墜毀（專指飛機(jī)失事）； collision 碰撞（強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)物體碰撞，如火車、汽車等）。

we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.

23. You _D_ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.

A needn't have seen   B must have seen

C might have seen   D can't have seen

24. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D_ the police.

A called in   B calling in   C call in   D to call in

have no choice but to do sth. 別無選擇，只能做...

25. She was so _B_ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door.

A attracted   B absorbed   C drawn   D concentrated

be attracted by 被…所吸引； be absorbed in 全神貫注（專注）于做…

be drawn in 被誘騙（誘使）做... ； concentrate on 專注于。

I was simply drawn in. 我是被誘騙上鉤的。

27. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _B_ to another subject.

A committed   B switched   C favoured   D transmitted

switch to another subject 轉(zhuǎn)換話題； switch to another channel 轉(zhuǎn)換頻道。

28. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 o'clock at night. [虛擬語氣]

A were not played   B not to play   C not be played   D did not play

29. Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _D_ through the window.

A vision   B look   C picture   D view

view n. 景色，風(fēng)景，視野，視域。

30. Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.

A of   B to   C with   D from

具有比較意味的形容詞都要與介詞to搭配。

32. The manager needs an assistant that he can _A_ to take care of problems in his absence. [in his absence 在某人不在場的情況下]

A count on   B count in   C count up   D count out

presence n. 到場，出席； in one’s presence 在某人在場的情況下。

count on=depend on 指望，依靠，依賴； count up 算出總數(shù)；

count in 把…算在內(nèi)； count out 把...排除在外。

33. The organization had broken no rules, but _A_ had it acted responsibly.

A neither   B so   C either   D both

34. We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _D_ view.

A from   B in   C before   D into

come into view 進(jìn)入視野，進(jìn)入眼簾。 cheer n. 歡呼； cheers 干杯；

cheer-team 拉拉隊(duì)； cheer-leader 拉拉隊(duì)長。英語中為了…干杯用介詞to引起。

to your health 為了你的健康干杯； to friendship為了友誼干杯。 bottom up 先干了。

35. They took _D_ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.

A fruitful   B beneficial   C valid   D effective

take effective measures 采取有效措施。 valid adj. 有效的，成立的。

36. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _A_ it comes to classroom tests.

A when   B since   C before   D after

sure 做定語時(shí)表示“可靠的、穩(wěn)妥的”。 come to 談到，提及。

37. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _D_ directed.

A like   B so   C which   D as

drug n. 藥品，毒品。 gay adj. 放蕩的，快樂的； n. 同性戀者，尤指男性同性戀。

so后面加過去分詞表示一種程度。 as后面加過去分詞時(shí)表示“如同…那樣，正如…那樣”。

53. I hope all the precautions against air pollution, _D_ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A while   B since   C after   D as

precautions n. 防治措施； precautions against 防治…的措施。

after being + 過去分詞，注意：after后面不能直接加過去分詞。

38. In developing countries people are _C_ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.

A breaking   B filling   C pouring   D hurrying

pour into 涌入，蜂擁而入。 break into 強(qiáng)行闖入。

39. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _A_ by  about 10%. [output 產(chǎn)量]

A will have risen   B has risen   C will be rising   D has been rising

表達(dá)將來的行為在將來某時(shí)間之前完成用將來完成時(shí)。