三、 情態(tài)動詞

1. Test Yourself

　　首先讓我們分析以下近幾年情態(tài)動詞的考題：
1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1)
A .would you mind 　　B. would you please 　　C. will you like to 　　D. will you please to

2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1)
A. should have done 　　B. would have done 　　C. may have done 　　D. must have done

3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____ it.(1998.6)
A. mustn't have done 　　B. wouldn't have done 　　C. mightn't have done 　　D. didn't have to do

4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1)
A. should as well 　　B. may as well 　　C. can as well 　　D. would as well

5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(2000.6)
A. shouldn't follow 　　B. mustn't follow 　　C. couldn't have been following 　　D. shouldn't have been following

6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for
two weeks.(19996.1)
A. needn't have seen 　　B. must have seen 　　C. might have seen 　　D. can't have seen

7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6)
A. can't have been 　　B. shouldn't have been 　　C. mustn't have been 　　D. wouldn't have been

參考答案
1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A

2．情態(tài)動詞的測試要點

　　從以上例題可以看出，四級語法對情態(tài)動詞的測試大體有以下幾點。
1）情態(tài)動詞的基本用法，如①④⑤。
2）情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。
3）情態(tài)動詞的推測性用法⑦。

3． 情態(tài)動詞的應對策略

　　情態(tài)動詞的使用主要根據(jù)其所表達的含義。解題時注意以下幾點：

1）情態(tài)動詞自身結構要正確

　　結構包括情態(tài)動詞自身的搭配和其后的連帶成分。除ought外情態(tài)動詞后接原形動詞，測試中常將不同結構的動詞置于一起設干擾項，如①。四個選項都與請求有關，但would you mind后接動名詞，一般說would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形動詞，答案是would you please?

2）注意情態(tài)動詞推測性用法中各個情態(tài)動詞使用的句型是否與題干句型一致。

　　在情態(tài)動詞的推測性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，應注意分辨。具體使用規(guī)律為：
must只用于肯定句中。
can/could不能用語肯定句中。
may/might不能用語疑問句中。
另外還應注意can't表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。
考試時，如果有原因說明自己的猜測，一般應該must, can't用而不是may, may not。如：
He can't have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.
Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.

3） 注意推測性用法中謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間。

如果推測的為過去的事情，情態(tài)動詞后則用完成形式。
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
如果推測的是正在進行的事情，情態(tài)動詞后則用動詞的進行形式。
They must be talking about something very secret.
如果推測的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)等，情態(tài)動詞后則用原形動詞
He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推測的是將來發(fā)生的事情，情態(tài)動詞后同樣用原形動詞，這時，情態(tài)動詞只能是may/might。
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.

4） 注意"情態(tài)動詞+動詞的完成形式"所表達的意思與題干意思是否相符。

其它"情態(tài)動詞+ 動詞的完成形式"并不表示推測，而分別表示：
could have done本來能夠
He didn't take part in the competition, he _______ though.
A. won B. didn't win C. could win D. could have won
needn't have done 本來沒不要
You ________. There was plenty of time.
A. needn't hurry B. can't hurry
C. mustn't have hurried D. needn't have hurried
should/ought to have done 本來應該
You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you.
A. should tell me B. should have told
C. need to tell D. needn't have told
shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本來不應該
You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow (2000.6)
C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
might have done 本來應該（用來表示一種責備）
You ______ even though you were busy at that time.
A. might help him B. must have helped him
C. might have helped him D. should help him

　　這類題在設計干擾項時，一般都會有情態(tài)動詞推測性用法的涉及，同學們應注意分詞上下文的邏輯和語意關系。

5） 注意常用情態(tài)動詞的基本句法和表意功能

　　其它常用動詞的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威脅"、"許諾"或征求許可，may/might as well等，同學們都應多多注意其用法。

4． 自我訓練

　　請同學們做《語法分冊》第十章測試題自檢。

四、 倒裝

　　倒裝結構也是比較常見的一種句式，但考查的分量不大，考試都有哪些特點，如何應對，首先讓我們一起來看一下近幾年的考題。

1．Test Yourself.

1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the
importance of it.(19995.1)
A. if only I could not B. no more than I could
C. or I could not D. nor could I
2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6)
A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived
3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted
responsibly.(19996.1)
A. neither B. so C. either D. both
4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone
in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6)
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use
5) Only under special circumstances_____to take make-up tests.(1997.6)
A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen

參考答案：

1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A

2．倒裝測試范圍和應對策略

　　倒裝分部分倒裝和全部倒裝，但從近幾年的測試來看，重點是部分倒裝。對于倒裝句型同學們所應注意的就是在哪些情況下需要倒裝，并且如何倒裝。注意下面常見的倒裝條件。

1） 含有否定意味的詞置于句首，主謂倒裝。

　　同學們應注意常用否定詞語，如：hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only… but also.., neither … nor…等。如果是在從句的句首，則從句倒裝，如4）題。

2） only + 狀語置于句首，主謂倒裝。

　　Only后的狀語可以是單詞、短語，也可以是從句，要特別注意，從句并不倒裝，而是主句倒裝。如：
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.

3） Neither/So置于句首倒裝，表示"也/也不……"，如上面的2）3）題。

4） There/here/then或做狀語的地點副詞和地點介詞短語置于句首，要全部倒裝。如：
There stands a monument in the center of the square.
Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor.
On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.

5） 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞可提至句首構成"分詞+ be + 主語+其它+的倒裝句式。如：
Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.
Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium.

6） so/such…. that句型中，so + 形容詞/副詞提前，主謂倒裝。如：
So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.
Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.

3．自我檢測

　　請同學們根據(jù)《語法分冊》第二十二章練習自檢。

　　同學們，英語的語法是一個包容性很廣的話題，在這里我們很難窮盡四級考試中涉及的方方面面，語法能力的培養(yǎng)要靠同學們平時的訓練。不管怎樣，希望我的講解對各位同學能有一定的幫助，愿同學們順利通過語法這一關。